NPDN Citrus Pests

Citrus Pests App is the hand-held mobile application component of Citrus Pests. Citrus Pests is a LUCID® tool available at: http://idtools.org/id/citrus/pests/. Citrus Pests and Citrus Pests apps are components of the Citrus Resources tool. Development of the Citrus Pests LUCID tool was funded by USDA-APHIS-PPQ. Conversion of the Citrus Pests LUCID® tool to a hand-held identification application was funded through USDA-NIFA grant no. 2011-41533-31090 entitled "New Technologies and Educational Material to Address National Emerging Citrus Pests and Citrus Diseases" to the University of Florida/IFAS Extension. Citrus Pests App is a partnership between the University of Florida/IFAS Extension, Texas A&M University, the University of California-Riverside, and USDA-APHIS-PPQ.

We would like to thank following for project support and app development support:

Project Director: Dr. Amanda Hodges

Dr. Amanda Hodges, Ph.D.
Associate Extension Scientist
Doctor of Plant Medicine (DPM) Director
Department of Entomology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
achodges@ufl.edu

Project Director: Dr. Norman Leppla

Dr. Norman Leppla, Ph.D.
Professor of Entomology
Integrated Pest Management Program Director
Department of Entomology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
ncleppla@ufl.edu

Project Director: Dr. Elizabeth Grafton-Cardwell

Dr. Elizabeth Grafton-Cardwell, Ph.D.
Extension Specialist and Center Director
LindcoveResearch and Extension Center
Kearney Agriculture Center
9240 South River end,Parlier, CA 93648

Project Director: Dr. Mamoudou Setamou

Dr. Mamoudou Setamou, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Texas A&M University
KingsvilleCitrus Center
312 N International Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596

Project Coordinator: Dr. Gurpreet S. Brar

Dr. Gurpreet S. Brar, Ph.D
Post-Doctoral Associate
The Biosecurity Research & Extension (BRE) lab
Department of Entomology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
gpsbrar@ufl.edu

Application Developer : Navya Kooram

Navya Kooram, M.S.
Software Application Developer
IFAS Information Technology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
navyakooram@ufl.edu

Graphic designer: Kay Weigel

Kay Weigel
Department of Entomology and Nematology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611

We would like to thank the following people:

Key Collaborators

We would like to thank following project key collaborators for the project support:

Megan M. Dewdney, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of Florida, Citrus Researchand Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
Patrick Gomes, National Coordinator, Citrus Health Response Program, APHIS, USDA, PPQ, 920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27606
Gregory S. Hodges, Ph.D. Bureau Chief, Entomology, Plant Pathology, andNematology, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Michael E. Rogers, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Florida, Citrus Researchand Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
Terrence Walters, Ph.D., ITP Coordinator, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, CPHST, 2301 ResearchBoulevard, Suite 108, Fort Collins, CO 80526

Key personnel

We would like to thank following project key personnel for the project support:

Stephanie D. Stocks, M.S.
Assistant-In
Protect U.S. Coordinator
University of Florida
Department of Entomology and Nematology
Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611

Citrus Pest Advisory Committee

The following individuals, the Citrus Pest Advisory Committee, lent their guidance and support during the initial stages of tool development to create an initial list of potential taxa for the tool:

Lawrence G. Brown,
Russ Bulluck,
Daniel Flores,
Patrick J. Gomes,
Bacilio Salas (all from USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST),
Kris Godfrey (California Department of Food and Agriculture), and
Elizabeth Grafton-Cardwell (University of California Riverside and Kearney Agriculture Center).

Student Personnel

We would also like to thank our student personnel:

Roxanne Wagner (undergraduate technician, Department of Entomology, University of Florida),
Abby Griffin (lab volunteer, Department of Entomology, University of Florida), and
Hashmet Eke (undergraduate Technician, Department of Entomology, University of Florida).

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry employees

Additionally, we would like to thank the following Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry employees for their support:

Jim Carter, Field Station Supervisor, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Tyson Emery, Bureau of Plant and Apiary Inspection, Bureau Chief, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Andrew Ferris, Caribbean Fruit Fly Certification Program Technician, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Richard Gaskalla, Division Director, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Dr. Susan Halbert, Curator: Hemiptera (except Coccoidea and Aleyrodidae), Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Dr. James Hayden, Curator: Lepidoptera, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Carol McKenzie, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Inspection Supervisor of Vero Beach, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Dr. Paul Skelley, Collection Manager and Curator: Orthoptera, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Dr. Gary Steck, Curator: Diptera, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
Dr. Ian Stocks, Curator: Hemiptera (Coccoidea, Aleyrodidea), Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608
John Wiggins, Caribbean Fruit Fly Certification Program Technician, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32608

Photographers

We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to the many photographers who contributed images to this tool. Lyle Buss (Department of Entomology, University of Florida) contributed a number of images. Many other photographers also granted permission to use their images in this tool. Please see each image's caption for the photographer or contributor.

Beta version reviewers

We would like to thank the following people for reviewing a beta version of this tool:

Dr. Mamoudou Setamou, Associate Professor, Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center
Dr. Nick Singh, Instructor Plant Disease and Diagnostic Clinic, Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology Department, LSU AgCenter
Ms. Eunett James-Mack, Agriculture Program Manager, Tampa Field Office, Department of Homeland Security

Factsheets
Glossary
Gallery

Morphology
Search

© University of Florida, IFAS/IT

General Review

The references provided for Citrus Pests App are the literature sources used in developing the Citrus Pests LUCID® tool:

Capinera, J.L. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press. San Diego, California.

(CAPS) Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2005. Citrus commodity survey reference. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/33858177/13/Planococcus-minor) (4 September 2011).

Davies, F.S., and L.F. Albrigo. 1994. Weeds, pests, and diseases, pp. 172-189. In Citrus. Center for Agriculture and Biosciences International. Wallingford,UK.

Davies, F.S., and L.K. Jackson. 2009. Pest, disease, and weed management for the bearing grove, pp. 204-233. In Citrus growing in Florida. 5th ed. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, FL.

Futch, S.H. 2011. Identification of mites, insects, diseases, nutritional symptoms and disorders on citrus. University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Extension Publication SP 176. Gainesville, FL.

Griffiths, J.T., and W.L. Thompson. 1957. Insects and mites found on Florida citrus. Florida Experimental Station Bulletin 591. Gainesville, FL.

Katsoyannos, P. 1996. Integrated insect pest management for citrus in northern Mediterranean countries. Benaki Phytopathological Institute. Athens, Greece.

Lyons, J.M., M.L. Flint, J.E. Pehrson, D. L. Flaherty, N.V. O'Connel, and P.A. Phillips. 1984. Integrated pest management for citrus. University of California - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Extension Publication 3303. Berkeley, CA.

Smith, D., G.A. Beattie, M. Malipatil, D. James, D. Papacek. J. Altmann, A. Green, B. Woods, G. Furness, C. Freebairn, M. Stevens, G. Buchanan, D. Madge, C. Feutrill, J. Kennedy, B. Gallagher, P. Jones, R. Broadley, M. Edwards, G. Baker, S. Dix, P. Burne, B. Frost, J. Watson, and M. Pywell. 1997. Citrus pests and their natural enemies: integrated pest management in Australia. Desert Oak Publishing Services. Brisbane, Australia.

Smith, D., G.A. Beattie, M. Malipatil, D. James, D. Papacek. J. Altmann, A. Green, B. Woods, G. Furness, C. Freebairn, M. Stevens, G. Buchanan, D. Madge, C. Feutrill, J. Kennedy, B. Gallagher, P. Jones, R. Broadley, M. Edwards, G. Baker, S. Dix, P. Burne, B. Frost, J. Watson, and M. Pywell. 1997. Citrus pests: a field guide. A companion to citrus pests and their natural enemies: Integrated pest management in Australia. Desert Oak Publishing Services. Brisbane, Australia.

Sullivan, M., and E. Jones. 2010. Small grains commodity-based survey guideline. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/survey/manual/small_grains_guidelines) (25 September 2011).

Sullivan, M., and E. Jones. 2010. Grape commodity-based survey guidelines. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/survey/manual/grape_guidelines) (25 September 2011).

Sullivan, M, D. MacKinnon, T. Price, R. J. Wright, and T.J. Jackson. 2010. Corn commodity-based survey reference. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/survey/manual/corn_reference) (25 September 2011).

Triplehorn, C.A., and N.F. Johnson. 2005. Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th ed. Peter Marshall Co. Belmont, CA.

Watson, J.R. 1918. Insects of a citrus grove. Florida Experimental Station Bulletin 148. Gainesville, FL.

Watson, J.R. 1926. Citrus insects and their control. Florida Experimental Station Bulletin 183. Gainesville, FL.

Annecke, D., H. Aschenborn, E.C. Bedford, C.H. Buitendag, H.D. Catling, J.J. Cillie, C. J. Cilliers, W.G. Coaton, E.A. De Villiers, J.F. De Villiers, S.A. Georgala, B.G. Hill, F. Honiball, M. Johannsmeier, I.B. Kok, K.P. Meyer, D.L. Milne, S. Parsons, N.H. Pretorius, A.J. Prins, O.P. Schoeman, A. Schwarts, R.E. Schwarz, C.M. Searle, J.N. Vermeulen, and P.C. Wentzel. 1978. Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. Pretoria, South Africa.

Brlansky, R.H., H.W. Browning, C.C. Childers, W.O. Dawson, K.S. Derrick, L.W. Duncan, F.M. Fishel, S.H. Futch, J.H. Graham, M.E. Hilf, R.N. Inserra, C.W. McCoy, R.A. Morris, R.P. Muraro, O.N. Nesheim, H.N. Nigg, J.W. Noling, L.R. Parsons, J. Peña, N.A. Peres, M.A. Ritenour, P.D. Roberts, M. Salyani, P.J. Sieburth, S.E. Simpson, M. Singh, P.A. Stansly, L.L. Stelinski, L.W. Timmer, and T.A. Wheaton. 2011. Mites, insects, and nematodes, pp. 43-85. In Florida citrus pest management guide. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Gainesville, FL.

Coleoptera

Ávila, C.J. 2010. Diabrotica speciosa: important soil pest in South America. University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Potential Invasive Pests Workshop. (http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/TSTAR/presentations/Monday/pm/1%2040pm%20Avila.pdf) (19 September 2011).

Blatchley, W.S., and C.W. Leng. 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of north eastern America. The Nature Publishing Company. Indianapolis, Indiana.

(EPPO) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2003. Anoplophora malasiaca and Anoplophora chinensis. EPPO data sheets on quarantine pests. (http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Anoplophora_chinensis/ANOLCN_ds.pdf) (6 October 2011).

(EPPO). 2006. Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests: Diabrotica virgifera. EPPO Bulletin 34. (http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Diabrotica_virgifera/pm7-36(1)%20DIABVI%20web.pdf) (14 September 2011).

(EPPO). 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Diabrotica speciosa. EPPO Bulletin 35. (http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Diabrotica_speciosa/DS_Diabrotica_speciosa.pdf) (14 September 2011).

Futch, S.H, C.W. McCoy, and N.H. Nigg. 2011. A guide to soil insect pests identification. University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Extension Publication HS-868. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs130) (3 October 2011).

Grafton-Cardwell, E.E., K. E. Godfrey, J.E. Pena, C.W. McCoy, and R.F. Luck. Diaprepes Root Weevil. University of California - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Extension Publication 8131. (http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8131.pdf) (31 September 2011).

Gyelshen, J. and A.H. Hodges. 2005. Featured Creatures: citrus longhorned beetle. University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-357. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/trees/beetles/citrus_longhorned_beetle.htm) (5 October 2011).

Lingafelter, S.W., and E.R. Hoebeke. 2002. Revision of Anoplophora (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, D.C.

McDougall, D.N. 2001. Anoplophora chinensis. United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service. (http://spfnic.fs.fed.us/exfor/data/pestreports.cfm?pestidval=76&langdisplay=english) (4 October 2011).

O' Brien, .C.W. and P.W. Kovarik. 2011. The genus Diaprepes: its origin and geographical distribution in the Caribbean region. University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. (http://irrec.ifas.ufl.edu/flcitrus/short_course_and_workshop/diaprepes/genus_diaprepes.shtml) (4 October 2011).

Stoetzel, M.B. 1994. Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) of potential importance on citrus in the United States with illustrated keys to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 96:74-90.

(UCCE) University of California Cooperative Extension. 2007. Have you seen this insect? The Diaprepes Root Weevil. (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PUBS/Diaprepes_Flyer.pdf) (7 October 2011).

Weissling, T.J., J.E. Peñ a, R.M. Giblin-Davis, and J.L. Knapp. Featured Creatures: Diaprepes root weevil. University of Florida- Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-24. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/diaprepes_root_weevil.htm) (6 October 2011).

Woodruff, R.E. 1958. The present status of a West Indian weevil (Diaprepes abbreviata (L.)) in Florida (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 77. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent077.pdf) (2 October 2011).

Woodruff, R.E. 1962. Some Florida citrus weevils. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 5. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent005.pdf) (11 October 2011).

Woodruff, R.E. 1964. A Puerto Rican weevil new to the United States (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 30. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent030.pdf) (12 October 2011).

Woodruff, R.E. 1979. Florida citrus weevils (Coleoptera: Curculidonidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 202. (http://freshfromflorida.gov/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent202.pdf) (1 October 2011).

Woodruff, R.E., and R.C. Bullock. Fuller's rose weevil Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) in Florida (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 1979. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 207. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent207.pdf) (26 September 2011).

Woodruff, R.E. 1981. Citrus root weevils of the genus Pachnaeus in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 231. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent231.pdf) (2 October 2011).

Woodruff, R.E. 1982. Artipus floridanus Horn, another weevil pest of citrus. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 237. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent237.pdf) (2 October 2011).

Diptera

Carroll, L.E., I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson. 2010. Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) In Pest fruit flies of the world. United States Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service. (http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/tephriti/Anastrep/Anastrep.htm) (24 September 2011).

Carroll, L.E., I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson. 2010. Anastrepha ludens (Loew) In Pest fruit flies of the world. United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service. (http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/ana_lude.htm) (24 September 2011).

Carroll, L.E., I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson. 2010. Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) In Pest fruit flies of the world. United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service. (http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/ana_susp.htm) (24 September 2011).

Carroll, L.E., I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson. 2010. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) In Pest fruit flies of the world. United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service. (http://delta-intkey.com/ffa/www/cer_capi.htm) (24 September 2011).

Gangé, R.J. 1994. The gall midges of the neotropical region. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY.

Gagné, R.J. 1986. Revision of Prodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with descriptions of three new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 79:235-245.

Peña, J.E., and F.W. Mead. Citrus gall midge, Prodiplosis longifila Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 312. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent312.pdf) (1 November 2011).

Peña, J.E., R.J. Gagné, and R. Duncan. 1989. Biology and characterization of Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cicidomyiidae) on lime in Florida. Florida Entomologist. 72:444-450.

Peña, J.E., F.W. Mead. 2011. Featured Creatures: citrus gall midge, Prodiplosis longifila Gagné (Insecta: Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-214. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/citrus_gall_midge.htm) (24 September 2011).

Steck, G.J. 1998. Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 391. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent391.pdf) (13 September 2011).

Thomas, M.C., J.B. Heppner, R.E. Woodruff, H.V. Weems, and G.J. Steck. 2010. Featured Creatures: Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-214. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/mediterranean_fruit_fly.htm) (24 September 2011).

Weems, H.V. 1962. Mediterranean fruit fly. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 4. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent004.pdf) (10 October 2011).

Weems, H.V. 1981. Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 230. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent230.pdf) (17 September 2011).

Weems, H.V., J.B. Heppner, G.J. Steck, T.R. Fasulo, and J.L. Nation. 2004. Featured Creatures: Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-201. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/mexican_fruit_fly.htm) (24 September 2011).

Weems, H.V., J.B. Heppner, T.R. Fasulo, and J.L. Nation. 2001. Featured Creatures: Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-196. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/caribbean_fruit_fly.htm) (24 September 2011).

Hemiptera

Annecke, D., H. Aschenborn, E.C. Bedford, C.H. Buitendag, H.D. Catling, J.J. Cillie, C. J. Cilliers, W.G. Coaton, E.A. De Villiers, J.F. De Villiers, S.A. Georgala, B.G. Hill, F. Honiball, M. Johannsmeier, I.B. Kok, K.P. Meyer, D.L. Milne, S. Parsons, N.H. Pretorius, A.J. Prins, O.P. Schoeman, A. Schwarts, R.E. Schwarz, C.M. Searle, J.N. Vermeulen, and P.C. Wentzel. 1978. Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. Pretoria, South Africa.

Blackman, R.L., and V.F. Eastop. 1994. Aphids on the world's trees: an identification and information guide. Center for Agriculture and Biosciences International.

Brambila, J. 2007. Heteroptera of concern to the Southern US. Southern Plant Diagnostic Network Invasive Arthropod Workshop. Clemson, South Carolina. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/caps/images/pdf_brambila_heteroptera_spdn2007-small.pdf) (4 September 2011).

Carter, K. 2009. A brief review of the Asian citrus psyllid. University of California - Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. (http://ucanr.org/sites/UrbanHort/files/80246.pdf) (11 September 2011).

Choate, P.M. 2010. Florida Hemiptera: recognizing suborders with diagnostics keys to some families of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha and Sternorrhyncha. University of Florida - Department of Entomology. Insect classification education course material. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/choate/florida_homoptera1.pdf) (14 October 2011).

Choate, P.M. 2010. Identification key to the principal families of Florida Hemiptera, s.o. Heteroptera. University of Florida - Department of Entomology. Insect classification education course material. (pdf) (14 October 2011).

Conklin, T. and R. Mizell. 2010. Featured creatures: glassy-winged sharpshooter. Homalodisca vitripennis (=coagulata) (Germar) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology. Extension Publication EENY-274. (http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/glassywinged_sharpshooter.htm) (10 September 2011).

Denmark, H.A. 1963. A field key to the citrus aphids in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 10. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent010.pdf) (12 October 2011).

Denmark. H.A. 1974. Two common aphids of Shasta daises in Florida (Hompotera: Aphididae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 141. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent141.pdf) (18 September 2011).

Denmark. H.A. 1978. The brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Hompotera: Aphididae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 194. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent194.pdf) (18 September 2011).

Denmark. H.A. 1990. A field key to the citrus aphids in Florida (Homptera: Aphididae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 335. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent335.pdf) (30 September 2011).

(EPPO) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Diagnostic: Trioza erytreae. EPPO Bulletin 35. (http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/PM7_DIAGNOS/pm7-57(1)%20TRIZER%20web.pdf) (13 September 2011).

(EPPO) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Trioza erytreae. (http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Trioza_erytreae/TRIZER_ds.pdf) (13 September 2011).

Fasulo, T.R., and S.E. Halbert. 1993. Aphid pests of Florida citrus. University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Extension Publication ENY811. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch055) (3 October 2011).

Futch, S.H., C.W. McCoy, J.P. Michaud, and C.C. Childers. 2009. A guide to identification of soft-bodied citrus insect pests. University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Extension Education HS-870. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs133) (5 September 2011).

Gyelshen, J. and A. H. Hodges. 2006. Field key to identification of scale insects on Holly (Ilex spp.). University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Extension Publication IPM-141. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN64900.pdf) (14 September 2011).

Hamon, A.B. 1992. The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, in Florida (Homoptera: Margarodidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 352. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent352.pdf) (29 September 2011).

Hamon, A.B. and G.J. Mason. 1997. Fig wax scale, Ceroplastes rusci (L.), in Florida (Homptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 380. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent380.pdf) (24 September 2011).

Halbert, S.E., and L.G. Brown. 1998. Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), Brown citrus aphid - Identification, biology, and management strategies. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 374. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent374.pdf) (27 September 2011).

Hodges, A., G. Hodges, L. Buss, and L. Osbourne. 2009. Mealybugs & mealybug look-alikes of the southeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture CSREES Integrated Pest Management Centers. (http://www.ncipmc.org/alerts/mealybugs.pdf) (7 September 2011).

Hodges, G., and G. Evans. 2010. Key to the families of scale insects in Florida (adult females). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. (http://www.fsca-dpi.org/Homoptera_Hemiptera/scales/Scale_Families.pdf) (14 September 2011).

Kamminga, K., D.A. Herbert, S. Malone, T.P. Kuhar, and J. Green. 2009. Field guide to stink bugs of agricultural importance in the upper southern region and mid-Atlantic states. Virginia Cooperative Extension. (http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-356/444-356_pdf.pdf) (23 October 2011).

Mead, M.D. 1971. Annotated key to leaffooted bugs, Leptoglossus spp. In Florida (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 113. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent113.pdf) (22 September 2011).

Mead, F.W. 1976. The South African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homptera: Psyllidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 168. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent168.pdf) (24 September 2011).

Mead, F.W. 1977. The Asiatic citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 180. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent180.pdf) (29 September 2011).

Miller, D., A. Rung, G. Venable, and R. Gill. 2008. Scale insects: identification tools for species of quarantine significance. United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, and United States Department of Agriculture - National Identification Services. (http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/ScaleKeys/index.html) (19 September 2011).

Nguyen, R., and A.B. Hamon. 1993. Citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 360. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent360.pdf) (19 October 2011).

Quaintance, A. 1908. Genera insectorum: Homoptera, Family Aleyrodidae. V. Verteneml & L. Desmet. Bruxelles, Belgium.

Takiya D., S. McKamey, and R. Cavichiloi. 2006. Validity of Homalodisca and of H. vitripennis as the name for glassy-winged sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99: 648-655.

Weems, H.V. 1962. Citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 9. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent009.pdf) (19 October 2011).

Hymenoptera

Bambara, S., M. Waldvogel, J. Silverman, and J. Brightwell. 2006. Argentine ants in the landscape and in the home. North Carolina State University - Department of Entomology. Extension Publication ENT/ort-140. (http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note140/note140.html) (3 September 2011).

Collins, L., and R. Scheffrahn. 2001. Featured Creatures: red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology. Extension Publication EENY-195. (http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/ants/red_imported_fire_ant.htm) (3 September 2011).

Cook, J.L. S.F. Austin, S.T. O'Keefe, and S.B. Vinson. 2002. Texas fire ant identification: an illustrated key. Texas Cooperative Extension Fire Ant Plan Fact Sheet 013. (http://fireant.tamu.edu/materials/factsheets_pubs/pdf/fapfs013.2002rev.pdf) (2 September 2011).

Sarnat, E. 2008. PIAkey: identification guide to invasive ants of the Pacific islands. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine - Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. (http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/ant/pia/index.html) (6 September 2011).

Wild, A.L. 2004. Taxonomy and distribution of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 97:1204-1215.

Wild, A.L. 2007. Taxonomic revision of the ant genus Linepithema (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 126.

Wojcik, D.P. 1976. The fire ants (Solenopsis) of Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 173. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent173.pdf) (25 September 2011).

Lepidoptera

Badawy, A. 1967. The morphology and biology of Phyllocnistis citrella Staint., a citrus leaf miner in the Sudan. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt. 51:95-103.

Brambila, J. 2008. Spodoptera littoralis: useful characters to recognize this target. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/553) (9 September 2011).

Brambila, J. 2008. Spodoptera littoralis: wing diagnostics. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/554) (9 September 2011).

Brambila, J. and S. Passoa. 2008. Spodoptera litura: useful characters to recognize this target. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/555) (9 September 2011).

Brambila, J. and S. Passoa. 2008. Spodoptera litura: wing diagnostics. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/556) (9 September 2011).

Brambila, J. 2009. Identification notes for Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and some native Spodoptera moths. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine.

Brambila, J. 2011. Autographa gamma (L.) Silver Y Moth: identification aid. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/1126) (26 September 2011).

(CAPS) Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2009. Screening Key for CAPS Target Tortricidae in the Eastern and Midwestern United States (males). (http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/100) (3 September 2011).

Daniels, J. 2003. Butterflies of Florida: Field Guide. Adventure Publications, Inc. Cambridge, Minnesota. 256 pp.

Gerberg E., and Arnett R. 1989. Florida Butterflies. Natural Science Publications, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland.

Gilligan, T.M. and M.E. Epstein. 2009. LBAM ID. Tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western U. S. leafrollers (Tortricidae: Archipini). Colorado State University, California Department of Food and Agriculture, and Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA, APHIS, PPQ. (http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/lep/lbam/default.html) (22 September 2011).

Guillèn, M., and D. Davis, and J. Heraty. 2001. Systematics and biology of a new, polyphagous species of Marmara (Lepdioptera: Gracillariidae) infesting grapefruit in the southwestern United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 103:636-654.

Heppner, J., and T. Fasulo. 2010. Featured creatures: Citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-38. (http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/citrus_leafminer.htm) (1 October 2011).

Heppner, J.B. 1993. Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 359. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent359.pdf) (29 October 2011).

McAuslane, H. 2011. Featured creatures: giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). University of Florida - Department of Entomology. Extension Publication EENY-8. (http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/giantswallowtail.htm) (30 September 2011).

Minno M., and Minno M. 1999. Florida Butterfly Gardening: A Complete Guide to Attracting, Identifying, and Enjoying Butterflies of the Lower South. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. 210 pp.

Passoa, S., M. Epstin, T. Gilligan, J. Brambila, and M.O'Donnell. 2007. Light brown apple moth (LBAM) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) screening and identification aid. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/lba_moth/downloads/screening_guide.pd) (19 October 2011).

Shorey, H., L. Andres, and R. Hale. 1962. The biology of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). I. Life history and behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55: 591-597.

Stelinski, L. 2007. Featured creatures: citrus peelminer, Marmara gulosa Guillèn and Davis (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae).University of Florida - Department of Entomology and Nematology. Extension Publication EENY-415. (http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/citrus/citrus_peelminer.htm) (24 September 2011).

(USDA-APHIS) United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2007. New pest response guidelines: false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta. (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/nprg-fcm.pdf) (8 September 2011).

Venette, R.C., E. Davis, M. DaCosta, H. Heisler, and M. Larson. 2003. Mini risk assessment: false codling moth, Thaumatotibia (=Crytophlebia) leucotreta (Meyrick) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Pest Risk Analysis. (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/downloads/pra/tleucotretapra.pdf) (20 September 2011).

Orthoptera

Brust, M.L., C. Reuter, R. Quartarone, L. Black, W. Hoback. 2008. Grasshoppers of the western United States. 3rd Ed. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Plant Protection and Quarantine. (http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/grasshopper/adult/Media/frmsetRLGH.htm) (18 September 2011).

Capinera, J.L., R.D. Scott, and T.J. Walker. 2004. Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. Helfer, J.R. 1953. How to know the grasshopper, cockroaches, and their allies: Pictured-key nature series. WM.C. Brown Company Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa.

Pfadt, R.E. 1994. Devastating grasshopper: Melanoplus devastator Scudder. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 912. (http://www.uwyo.edu/grasshoppersupport/html_pages/fieldgde.htm#fieldguidetoc) (5 September 2011).

Walker, T.J., and T.E. Moore. 2012. Katydids. In Singing insects of North America. (http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/Buzz/crickets.htm) (5 September 2011).

Thysanoptera

Denmark. H.A. 1967. The greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche' in Florida (Thysanoptera: Thripdae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services - Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular 64. (http://www.freshfromflorida.com/pi/enpp/ento/entcirc/ent064.pdf) (15 September 2011).

Hoddie, M.S., L.A. Mound, and D. Paris. 2009. Thrips of California. Centre for Biological Information Technology, The University of Queensland. (http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/Thrips_of_California.html) (8 September 2011).

Hodges, A., S. Ludwig, L. Osbourne, and G.B. Edwards. Pest thrips of the United States: field identification guide. United States Department of Agriculture CSREES Integrated Pest Management Center. Gainesville, FL. (http://www.ncipmc.org/alerts/chili_thrips_deck.pdf) (4 September 2011)